这完全是一次需求驱动的行为，而不是工作驱动或者兴趣驱动的行为。我准备完全放弃我那牛慢的台式机，完全使用MacBook，而且绝不安装Windows虚拟机。因此所有
Windows上有的软件在Mac上都要能找到对应物，当然也包括OpenVPN，因为我需要使用OpenVPN连入公司。
首先先安装了xcode，一个Mac上的开发环境，然后下载了openvpn-2.2.1的源码包，解压之，configure之，make之，最后编写配置文件，将我的pkcs12证书设置
进去。一切就绪后运行，发现一个错误，那就是虚拟网卡打开失败。
由于Mac OS的内核基础设施是基于UNIX的，因此其dev目录布局和Linux是一致的，在dev目录下没有发现tap，tun等节点信息。于是就想自己用mknod建立一个，
可是却苦于不知道Mac OS下虚拟网卡的主次设备号，这个是和内核驱动程序高度相关联的。最后还是求助于万能的google，找到了一个Mac OS上的虚拟网卡驱动，其下
载地址是：http://tuntaposx.sourceforge.net/
安装了这个驱动之后，再看dev目录，已经内建了很多tun/tap节点了：
sh-3.2# ls -l /dev/|grep tun
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 35, 0 11 19 11:23 tun0
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 35, 1 11 19 11:23 tun1
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 35, 10 11 19 11:23 tun10
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 35, 11 11 19 11:23 tun11
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 35, 12 11 19 11:23 tun12
…
sh-3.2# ls -l /dev/|grep tap
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 34, 0 11 19 11:23 tap0
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 34, 1 11 19 11:23 tap1
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 34, 10 11 19 11:23 tap10
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 34, 11 11 19 11:23 tap11
crw-rw---- 1 root wheel 34, 12 11 19 11:23 tap12
…
此时再次运行OpenVPN，即可成功和服务器建立隧道.
-------------------
tuntap
1. Description
TUN/TAP provides packet reception and transmission for user space programs.
It can be seen as a simple Point-to-Point or Ethernet device, which,
instead of receiving packets from physical media, receives them from
user space program and instead of sending packets via physical media
writes them to the user space program.
In order to use the driver a program has to open /dev/net/tun and issue a
corresponding ioctl() to register a network device with the kernel. A network
device will appear as tunXX or tapXX, depending on the options chosen. When
the program closes the file descriptor, the network device and all
corresponding routes will disappear.
Depending on the type of device chosen the userspace program has to read/write
IP packets (with tun) or ethernet frames (with tap). Which one is being used
depends on the flags given with the ioctl().
The package from http://vtun.sourceforge.net/tun contains two simple examples
for how to use tun and tap devices. Both programs work like a bridge between
two network interfaces.
br_select.c - bridge based on select system call.
br_sigio.c - bridge based on async io and SIGIO signal.
However, the best example is VTun http://vtun.sourceforge.net :))
2. Configuration
Create device node:
mkdir /dev/net (if it doesn't exist already)
mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200
Set permissions:
e.g. chmod 0666 /dev/net/tun
There's no harm in allowing the device to be accessible by non-root users,
since CAP_NET_ADMIN is required for creating network devices or for
connecting to network devices which aren't owned by the user in question.
If you want to create persistent devices and give ownership of them to
unprivileged users, then you need the /dev/net/tun device to be usable by
those users.
Driver module autoloading
Make sure that "Kernel module loader" - module auto-loading
support is enabled in your kernel. The kernel should load it on
first access.
Manual loading
insert the module by hand:
modprobe tun
If you do it the latter way, you have to load the module every time you
need it, if you do it the other way it will be automatically loaded when
/dev/net/tun is being opened.
3. Program interface
3.1 Network device allocation:
char *dev should be the name of the device with a format string (e.g.
"tun%d"), but (as far as I can see) this can be any valid network device name.
Note that the character pointer becomes overwritten with the real device name
(e.g. "tun0")
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
int tun_alloc(char *dev)
{
struct ifreq ifr;
int fd, err;
if( (fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0 )
return tun_alloc_old(dev);
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
/* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
* IFF_TAP - TAP device
*
* IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
*/
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TUN;
if( *dev )
strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev, IFNAMSIZ);
if( (err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *) &ifr)) < 0 ){
close(fd);
return err;
}
strcpy(dev, ifr.ifr_name);
return fd;
}
3.2 Frame format:
If flag IFF_NO_PI is not set each frame format is:
Flags [2 bytes]
Proto [2 bytes]
Raw protocol(IP, IPv6, etc) frame.
3.3 Multiqueue tuntap interface:
From version 3.8, Linux supports multiqueue tuntap which can uses multiple
file descriptors (queues) to parallelize packets sending or receiving. The
device allocation is the same as before, and if user wants to create multiple
queues, TUNSETIFF with the same device name must be called many times with
IFF_MULTI_QUEUE flag.
char *dev should be the name of the device, queues is the number of queues to
be created, fds is used to store and return the file descriptors (queues)
created to the caller. Each file descriptor were served as the interface of a
queue which could be accessed by userspace.
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
int tun_alloc_mq(char *dev, int queues, int *fds)
{
struct ifreq ifr;
int fd, err, i;
if (!dev)
return -1;
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
/* Flags: IFF_TUN - TUN device (no Ethernet headers)
* IFF_TAP - TAP device
*
* IFF_NO_PI - Do not provide packet information
* IFF_MULTI_QUEUE - Create a queue of multiqueue device
*/
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI | IFF_MULTI_QUEUE;
strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, dev);
for (i = 0; i < queues; i++) {
if ((fd = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR)) < 0)
goto err;
err = ioctl(fd, TUNSETIFF, (void *)&ifr);
if (err) {
close(fd);
goto err;
}
fds[i] = fd;
}
return 0;
err:
for (--i; i >= 0; i--)
close(fds[i]);
return err;
}
A new ioctl(TUNSETQUEUE) were introduced to enable or disable a queue. When
calling it with IFF_DETACH_QUEUE flag, the queue were disabled. And when
calling it with IFF_ATTACH_QUEUE flag, the queue were enabled. The queue were
enabled by default after it was created through TUNSETIFF.
fd is the file descriptor (queue) that we want to enable or disable, when
enable is true we enable it, otherwise we disable it
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_tun.h>
int tun_set_queue(int fd, int enable)
{
struct ifreq ifr;
memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
if (enable)
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_ATTACH_QUEUE;
else
ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_DETACH_QUEUE;
return ioctl(fd, TUNSETQUEUE, (void *)&ifr);
}
Universal TUN/TAP device driver Frequently Asked Question.
1. What platforms are supported by TUN/TAP driver ?
Currently driver has been written for 3 Unices:
Linux kernels 2.2.x, 2.4.x
FreeBSD 3.x, 4.x, 5.x
Solaris 2.6, 7.0, 8.0
2. What is TUN/TAP driver used for?
As mentioned above, main purpose of TUN/TAP driver is tunneling.
It is used by VTun (http://vtun.sourceforge.net).
Another interesting application using TUN/TAP is pipsecd
(http://perso.enst.fr/~beyssac/pipsec/), a userspace IPSec
implementation that can use complete kernel routing (unlike FreeS/WAN).
3. How does Virtual network device actually work ?
Virtual network device can be viewed as a simple Point-to-Point or
Ethernet device, which instead of receiving packets from a physical
media, receives them from user space program and instead of sending
packets via physical media sends them to the user space program.
Let's say that you configured IPX on the tap0, then whenever
the kernel sends an IPX packet to tap0, it is passed to the application
(VTun for example). The application encrypts, compresses and sends it to
the other side over TCP or UDP. The application on the other side decompresses
and decrypts the data received and writes the packet to the TAP device,
the kernel handles the packet like it came from real physical device.
4. What is the difference between TUN driver and TAP driver?
TUN works with IP frames. TAP works with Ethernet frames.
This means that you have to read/write IP packets when you are using tun and
ethernet frames when using tap.
5. What is the difference between BPF and TUN/TAP driver?
BPF is an advanced packet filter. It can be attached to existing
network interface. It does not provide a virtual network interface.
A TUN/TAP driver does provide a virtual network interface and it is possible
to attach BPF to this interface.
6. Does TAP driver support kernel Ethernet bridging?
Yes. Linux and FreeBSD drivers support Ethernet bridging.
from https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/tuntap.txt
------
相关帖子：http://briteming.blogspot.com/2015/09/udpip-udpipvpn.html
