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Monday, 14 August 2017

连接到Linux服务器后 首先要运行的5个命令



作为一个系统管理员/SRE 工作 5 年后，我知道当我连接到一台 Linux 服务器时我首先应该做什么。这里有一系列关于服务器你必须了解的信息，以便你可以（在大部分时间里）更好的调试该服务器。

连上 Linux 服务器的第一分钟

这些命令对于有经验的软件工程师来说都非常熟悉，但我意识到对于一个刚开始接触 Linux 系统的初学者来说，例如我在 Holberton 学校任教的学生，却并非如此。这也是我为什么决定分享当我连上 Linux 服务器首先要运行的前 5 个命令的原因。

w
history
top
df
netstat

这 5 个命令在任何一个 Linux 发行版中都有，因此不需要额外的安装步骤你就可以直接使用它们。

w
这里列出了很多有用的信息。首先，你可以看到服务器运行时间 uptime，也就是服务器持续运行的时间。然后你可以看到有哪些用户连接到了服务器，当你要确认你没有影响你同事工作的时候这非常有用。最后 load average 能很好的向你展示服务器的健康状态。


history
history 能告诉你当前连接的用户之前运行了什么命令。你可以看到很多关于这台机器之前在执行什么类型的任务、可能出现了什么错误、可以从哪里开始调试工作等信息。


top
你想知道的下一个信息：服务器当前在执行什么工作。使用 top 命令你可以看到所有正在执行的进程，然后可以按照 CPU、内存使用进行排序，并找到占用资源的进程。


df
你服务器正常工作需要的下一个重要资源就是磁盘空间。磁盘空间消耗完是非常典型的问题。


netstat （centos7 如无安装：yum install net-tools）
计算机已成为我们世界的重要一部分，因为它们有通过网络进行相互交流的能力。知道你的服务器正在监听什么端口、IP地址是什么、以及哪些进程在使用它们，这对于你来说都非常重要 .
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After half a decade working as a system administrator/SRE, I know where to start when I am connecting to a Linux server. There is a set of information that you must know about the server in order to properly, well most of the time, debug it.

First 60 seconds on a Linux server

These commands are well known for experienced software engineers but I realized that for a beginner who is getting started with Linux systems, such as my students at Holberton School, it is not obvious. That’s why I decided to share the list of the first 5 commands I type when I connect on a Linux server.
w
history
top
df
netstat
These 5 commands are shipped with any Linux distribution so you can use them everywhere without extra installation needed.

w:

[ubuntu@ip-172-31-48-251 ~]$ w
23:40:25 up 273 days, 20:52,  2 users,  load average: 0.33, 0.14, 0.12
USER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
ubuntu pts/0    104-7-14-91.ligh 23:39    0.00s  0.02s  0.00s w
root pts/1    104-7-14-91.ligh 23:40    5.00s  0.01s  0.03s sshd: root [priv]
[ubuntu@ip-172-31-48-251 ~]$
A lot of great information in there. First, you can see the server uptime which is the time during which the server has been continuously running. You can then see what users are connected on the server, quite useful when you want to make sure that you are not impacting a colleague’s work. Finally the load average will give you a good sense of the server health.

history:

[ubuntu@ip-172-31-48-251 ~]$ history
   1  cd /var/app/current/log/
   2  ls -al
   3  tail -n 3000 production.log 
   4  service apache2 status
   5  cat ../../app/services/discourse_service.rb
`History` will tell you what was previously run by the user you are currently connected to. You will learn a lot about what type work was previously performed on the machine, what could have gone wrong with it, and where you might want to start your debugging work.

top:

top - 23:47:54 up 273 days, 21:00,  2 users,  load average: 0.02, 0.07, 0.10
Tasks:  79 total,   2 running,  77 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s):  1.0%us,  0.0%sy,  0.0%ni, 98.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.3%st
Mem:   3842624k total,  3128036k used,   714588k free,   148860k buffers
Swap:        0k total,        0k used,        0k free,  1052320k cached


 PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
21095 root      20   0  513m  21m 4980 S  1.0  0.6   1237:05 python                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
1380 healthd   20   0  669m  36m 5712 S  0.3  1.0 265:43.82 ruby                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19703 dd-agent  20   0  142m  25m 4912 S  0.3  0.7  11:32.32 python                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
   1 root      20   0 19596 1628 1284 S  0.0  0.0   0:10.64 init                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
   2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
   3 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0  27:31.42 ksoftirqd/0                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
   4 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
   5 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
   7 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0  42:51.60 rcu_sched                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
   8 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh
The next information you want to know: what is currently running on this server. With `top` you can see all running processes, then order them by CPU, memory utilization and catch the ones that are resource intensive.

df:

[ubuntu@ip-172-31-48-251 ~]$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/xvda1      7.8G  4.5G  3.3G  58% /
devtmpfs        1.9G   12K  1.9G   1% /dev
tmpfs           1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
The next important resource that your server needs to have to be working properly is disk space. Running out of it is a very classic issue.

netstat:

[ubuntu@ip-172-31-48-251 ec2-user]# netstat -lp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State       PID/Program name   
tcp        0      0 *:http                      *:*                         LISTEN      1637/nginx          
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN      1209/sshd           
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp              *:*                         LISTEN      1241/sendmail       
tcp        0      0 localhost:17123             *:*                         LISTEN      19703/python        
tcp        0      0 localhost:22221             *:*                         LISTEN      1380/puma 2.11.1 (t 
tcp        0      0 *:4242                      *:*                         LISTEN      18904/jsvc.exec     
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN      1209/sshd
Computers are a big part of our world now because they have the ability to communicate between each other via sockets. It is critical for you to know on what port and IP your server is listening on and what processes are using those.
Obviously this list might change depending on your goal and the amount of existing information you have. For example, when you want to debug specifically for performance, Netflix came up with a customized list. Do you have a useful command that is not in my top 5? Please share it in the comments section!


来源：https://www.linux.com/blog/first-5-commands-when-i-connect-linux-server
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